IGF1 and viral infectious disease: Our host miRNA enrichment analysis showed several significant pathways, such as IFN-gamma signaling (Kang et al., 2018), TGF-beta signaling (Mogensen and Paludan, 2001), Interleukin signaling (Kimura et al., 2013), IGF1 signaling (Li et al., 2019), TRAIL signaling (Cummins and Badley, 2009), etc. These are involved in important proinflammatory cytokine signaling during viral infections (Figure 5B).