In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting was described to result in JNKs activation resulting in apoptosis of prostate cancer cells (via Ca2+ release induced JNK activation followed by the cleavage of executioner caspases; or ER stress induced IRE-1/ASK1/JNK signaling followed by intrinsic apoptosis)51. Here, ERN1 is linked to prostate cancer.