TNF and neuroendocrine neoplasm: It cleaves various substrates, such as elastin, laminin-332, epithelial cadherin, surfactant proteins, C5a receptors, C1 inhibitors, VEGF, and insulin receptors; increases the production of inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α; and initiates the formation of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).