Our group and others have used similar NEC-in-a-dish models to confirm the importance of TLR4 activation (Egan et al., 2016; Neal et al., 2012; Sodhi et al., 2012; Werts et al., 2019), to show the loss of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium (Li et al., 2019b) and to understand the mechanisms underlying HMO protection (Wang et al., 2019; Werts et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019) against NEC. Here, TLR4 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.