TLR4 and necrotizing enterocolitis: In addition to revealing a role for TLR4 in NEC pathogenesis, these mouse models have been used to shed light on the key roles of probiotics (Athalye-Jape et al., 2018), human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) (Good et al., 2016) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (Radulescu et al., 2010) in NEC.