TFH (follicular helper cells) and tumor growth delay (TGD) were positively associated with TOX in the pan-glioma analysis and the LGG group (Fig. 7c, e; Additional file 2: Fig. S2, Additional file 3: Fig. S3), while TFH and B cells were positively associated with TOX, and macrophages and DCs were negatively associated with TOX in GBM samples (Fig. 7a; Additional file 2: Fig. S2, Additional file 3: Fig. S3). Here, TOX is linked to glioma.