PDCD1 and neoplasm: Recent studies showed that the single A2AR blockade or the combination with either PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 mAbs induces T-cell proliferation, enhances the expression of IFNγ and granzyme B by tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells, thus restraining the tumor growth in preclinical models (82, 83).