BAX and Mental deterioration: Additionally, when considering cognitive decline caused by aging, dietary intake of caffeine can protect the brain by regulating the Bax/Bcl2 ratio, caspase-3, and PARP-1 levels to reduce oxidative stress, and COX-2, NOS-2, TNFα, and IL-1β to further reduce D-galactose-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (Ullah et al., 2015).