GZMB and HIV infectious disease: In our previous findings, we showed that there were two divergent outcomes for HIV-specific CD8+ CTL during HIV-infection: CTLs restricted by non-HLA-B*27/B57 upregulate TIM-3 when they encounter their cognate epitopes and are subsequently suppressed by Tregs; however, CD8+ CTL restricted by “protective” HLA alleles (e.g. HLAB*27 and HLA-B*57) upregulate fewer TIM-3, but more GzmB upon recognition of their cognate epitopes[3].