Notably, the significant increase in plasma cell signatures detected in AA patients could not be explained by AA SLE patients having an increased incidence of anti-dsDNA and low C; AA had the lowest number and percentage of patients with both anti-dsDNA and low C (23%), whereas 29% of EA and 37% of NAA had anti-dsDNA and low C. Anti-RNP and anti-Sm autoantibodies have been demonstrated to be increased in AA SLE patients (13, 40–42), and these autoantibodies could also be related to plasma cell, IFN, and other gene expression signatures. Here, IFNA1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.