Infection and replication of OVs in tumor tissues can lead to the direct lysis of tumor cells, production of IFN-α, reversion of the suppressive tumor microenvironment, and induction of ICD against tumor cells through the release of DAMP molecules and tumor-associated antigens.39 Gene-engineered OVs expressing immunomodulatory molecules, such as MIP-3α in this study, offer an additional opportunity to increase the intratumoral delivery and spread danger-associated and damage-associated pattern signals to the innate immune effectors. This evidence concerns the gene CCL20 and infection.