As one of the ARMD strains, Dd2 was shown to have defects in sensing DNA damage and triggering DNA repair (Gupta et al., 2016) and, therefore, has a higher tolerance to damage, which led to higher mutation rates and accelerated development of resistance to multiple drugs (Castellini et al., 2011, Trotta et al., 2004). Here, AKR1C2 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.