CXCL1 and cancer: The prostate stromal cells are also known to secrete proinflammatory and cancer-promoting chemokines such as CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3, and interleukin (IL)-8, which are the key regulators of cellular plasticity, culminating in inflammation, and PCa progression (Kogan-Sakin et al., 2009).