VEGFA and neoplasm: Furthermore, IFN-β treatment combined with ifosfamide demonstrated a strong antitumor effect by potently inhibiting tumor growth in ES cells in a xenograft model (Sanceau et al., 2002), by drastically reducing the expression of angiogenesis mediators, including VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) (Sanceau and Wietzerbin, 2004).