This effects of miR-138-5p in anti-cancer therapy were due to miR-138-5p targeting PD-L1/PD-1 to down-regulate the expression of PD-L1/PD-1 (Supplementary Figures S9, S10): (1) miR-138-5p regulated the immune response in the tumor micro-environment by reliving the inhibition of tumor cells on DCs; (2) miR-138-5p inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells by decreasing the expression levels of CCND3, Ki67, and MCM2 in tumor cells. This evidence concerns the gene CCND3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.