In contrast, while WT and C3-deficient mice showed reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines to varying degrees, those deficient in C5 or C5ar1 instead showed significantly elevated levels of IL-23 (Figure 3G), IL-9 (Figure 3H) and IL-27 (Figure 3I) upon AOM/DSS treatment compared to WT mice. The gene discussed is C3; the disease is infectious otitis media.