TNF and pertussis: Additionally, CDPF regulates pathways of diseases caused by external organisms, such as bacteria or worms, including pertussis, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, and toxoplasmosis, etc. Immune and inflammatory pathways, such as antigen processing and presentation, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity [62], Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, associating with the secretion of cytokines, such as TNF-α, contributing to inflammatory responses [63], TNF signaling pathway [64], and MAPK signaling pathway [65], and inflammatory disease-related pathways, such as IBD, are also involved.