TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Although the experimental model of infectious disease (e.g., malaria and sepsis) and autoimmune disease (e.g., RA and SLE) indicates that artemisinin-family drugs could target the inflammatory networks to decrease the levels of cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., IL-8, CXCL10) (Figure 1).