However, the observation that only some probiotic bacteria, such as the B. breve Bbr8 strain, displayed the ability to affect some inflammation pathways also in CD patients, such as the secretion of polarizing cytokines involved in the IL-23/Th17 axis, underline the importance of testing probiotic strains in IBD-derived immune cells in order to select the most suitable strains that may find some therapeutic use also in CD. Here, IL23A is linked to Cowden disease.