In terms of therapeutics development, this understanding has led to a range of efforts to develop p38α kinase inhibitors (many of them primarily inhibiting p38α and p38β activity) as anti-inflammatory agents for chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [30,31]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK11 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.