For instance, in an analysis of 163 Mexican adolescents, Perng et al. found that a later age and larger magnitude of the infancy BMI peak, derived from a Bayesian stochastic process model, were independent predictors of a metabolic syndrome risk score calculated as the average of fasting C-peptide (a surrogate for fasting insulin [42]), waist circumference, fasting glucose, the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and the average of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure [15]. Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.