SMAD4 and pancreatic neoplasm: Pancreatic cancer (Panc-1) cells have previously been shown to (i) abundantly express mortalin, VEGF and MMP [49,50,51]; (ii) harbor a high number of oncogenic mutations in KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A/p16 and SMAD4/DPC4 [52]; (iii) possess strong migratory and adhesive abilities [53] and (iv) easily cluster and difficultly differentiate into their functional phenotypes [54].