Of note, the calculated effect sizes, a measure of the magnitude of the association between two variables (in this case PON1 and T2D), suggest that the effect of sex on PON1 in the context of T2D is small/moderate but significant (r = 0.25 of women and r = 0.11 for men; according to the classical definition from Cohen, r = 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 indicates a small, medium, or large effect size, respectively). The gene discussed is PON1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.