BRAF and thyroid cancer: The most common genetic alterations associated with MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways in thyroid cancer include mutations in BRAF, RAS, PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog), AKT (Protein Kinase B), and PI3KCA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha) [7] (Figure 1 and Table 1).