We also found increased immunostaining of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a transcription factor involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis in retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cells, and inner nuclear layer accompanied by elevated levels of apoptotic markers (PARP and cleaved caspase-3) in the retinas of cbs−/− mice, suggesting implication of ER stress/apoptosis in the neuro-vasculopathy associated with the HHcy-linked retinal disease [71]. Here, DDIT3 is linked to Abnormal retinal morphology.