These observations suggested that clonal expansions in histologically normal kidney tissue as an atypical outcome of renal tissue development, antedating WT development; a direct phylogenetic link between clonal expansions, H19 hypermethylation, and the formation of cancer, thus supporting the view that these clonal expansions are an epigenetic progenitor of cancer; however, at variance with precursors of adult cancer, clonal nephrogenesis generated histological and functionally normal kidney tissue [209]. The gene discussed is H19; the disease is cancer.