FH and renal carcinoma: The glycolytic shift induced by fumarate deficiency induced several consequences at the level of the AMP-activated pathway (AMPK): (i) AMPK levels were decreased with consequent lowered expression of the iron transported DNMT1; (ii) in turn, reduced DNMT1 levels induced a condition of cytosolic iron deficiency, activating the iron regulatory proteins, IRP1 and IRP2, and increasing the expression of HIF-1α; (iii) activation of AMPK or silencing of HIF-1α decreases the invasive properties of FH-deficient renal cancer cells [76].