Alterations in nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) pathways due to oxidative stress are commonly associated with HCC, as all these pathways are involved in the activation of cellular proliferation and survival [34,35,36,37,38,39]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and hepatocellular carcinoma.