These data are novel in the setting of BTC and aligned with their role in other gastrointestinal malignancies.24,47 Our results suggest that IL-6 and GM-CSF deserve investigation as therapeutic targets in BTC due to their ability to activate Jak/STAT signalling across tumour or immune cell types and their correlation with phenotypically defined myeloid cells in tumours from BTC patients. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and neoplasm.