Besides, the mRNA levels of the stemness associated signatures (OCT4, SOX2, Nanog and ALDH1) in NSCLC cells were all increased by exosomes treatment, compared to the control group, but anti-PD-L1 antibody abrogated the effects of NSCLC cell derived exosomes on cell stemness markers (Fig. 5d, e). Here, ALDH1A1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.