GDF15 and diabetes mellitus: After adjusted for basic clinical risk factors (age, sex, smoking hypertension, body mass index, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia), in multivariate analysis, GDF-15 values > 1800 ng/L was associated with the incidence of MACEs with an HR of 1.74 (95% CI 1.44–2.02; P < 0.001) (Table 3).