The baseline and radiation-enhanced secretion of CXCL8 (and its orthologues CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5) from PTEN-deficient prostate tumour epithelial cells exerts both autocrine and paracrine actions within the tumour microenvironment given the expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 upon multiple cell types (33,34). Here, CXCL2 is linked to neoplasm.