The protective effect of exogenous β-glucan against the antifungal effects of NaD1 led us to consider that the release of β-glucan by fungi may protect fungal pathogens from host innate immunity molecules during the initial stages of an infection and that the host responds by detection of the shed oligosaccharides as PAMPs and induction of further defence responses (Fig. 9). The gene discussed is PPIB; the disease is infection.