CD40 and infection: Like MHC II, we found no significant difference in the expression of CD40 and CD86 at weeks 1 and 2 after infection in any mice strains, moreover, a significantly lower expression and MFI of Fo B cell-expressing CD40 and CD86 (Figures 9D, G; supplementary Figure 3 and supplementary Figures 4D, G); and plasmablast-expressing CD40 and CD86 (Figure 9E, H; supplementary Figure 3 and supplementary Figures 4E, H) were found in TNF-/- mice compared with TNFf/f mice at week 3 after infection.