PAPPA and ovarian carcinoma: Torres et al. 54 developed ovarian cancer PDXs in female SCID/beige mice, which were divided into two cohorts: high PAPP-A (n = 5) group and low PAPP-A (n = 2) group, and then injected these models with saline, carboplatin/paclitaxel + anti- PAPP-A monoclonal antibody inhibitor (mAb-PA), or carboplatin/paclitaxel + IgG2a (control antibody) in randomization.