SMAD7 and myelodysplastic syndrome: TGF-β signaling regulates terminal erythroid maturation and targeting this pathway either by using activin receptor traps (luspatercept, sotatercept), TGF-βR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (galunisertib) or targeting SMAD7 via miR21 promised improved erythropoiesis in patients with LR-MDS.