ATM and neoplasm: The presence of germline or somatic ATM mutations, combined with a low IHC score, would add confidence that a patient’s tumour is indeed ATM negative, thus incorporating next-generation sequencing (NGS) in parallel with IHC could improve clinical biomarker assessments.45 On the whole, if precision medicine techniques are to be implemented successfully, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the field will have to be more precise and detailed in the characterisation of patients and their tumours, and multi-modal assessments of patient samples may facilitate this.