Detection of IgA aPL has also been reported in non-APSconditions (e.g. metabolic, renal and infectious diseases).32, –34 An association with infectionswas shown since the early description of aCL antibodies.35,36 Given the fact that infection is also considered as one of the possiblesecond hits triggering APS, it is difficult to consider infection-induced aPL astotally innocent. The gene discussed is ACLY; the disease is infection.