This indicates yet another form of compensation whereby caspase-1 can also be functionally replaced, which likely involved caspase-8, as suggested by the observations that Casp1–/–;Casp11–/–;Casp12–/–;Casp8–/–;Ripk3–/– mice were unable to clear bacteria and that BMDMs derived from these animals failed to undergo cell death upon infection (Figures 1B and 1C). Here, SCAF11 is linked to infection.