TGFB1 and cancer: Nonetheless, many other cancer types, such as brain, breast and skin, bypassing TGF-β cytostatic or pro-apoptotic effects through mutations in different pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT), become invasive by subverting TGF-β activity to their own benefit (Biswas et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2016).