TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, targeting TGF-β signaling has been frequently aimed at inhibiting cancer cell invasion and metastasis, but inhibition of immune evasion by blocking the potent immune suppressive function of TGF-β might actually be more important for anti-cancer activity of TGF-β targeting agents (Ghiringhelli et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008; Rong et al., 2016; Xia et al., 2017; Biswas et al., 2019).