Indirectly, TGF-β acts on distinct elements of tumor microenvironment, suppressing immune surveillance, promoting angiogenesis and activating cancer-associated fibroblasts that will further contribute to metastasis (Itoh et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2016a, b; Stockis et al., 2017). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.