Thus, together with the points discussed in the previous sections, ignoring the crosstalk between cancer cells and TME components – especially CAFs – could hamper the translation of preclinical results to clinical trials using TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitors, explaining the poor and inconsistent outcomes observed in cancer patients (Figure 4), highlighting the need for developing mouse tumor models containing TME or at least CAFs. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.