Another factor of hypoxia in the microstructures of the brain is the change in neurovascular unit (NVU) integrity caused by L-dopa treatment that in turn causes regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow changes, which are also related to the angiogenesis and increased BBB permeability induced by VEGF regulation, and is reflected in the clinical result of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Here, VEGFA is linked to drug-induced dyskinesia.