As a result of persistent infection, both CCC and ASY chronic Chagas disease patients produce higher levels of IFNγ than seronegative controls (21, 22), but those who develop Chagas cardiomyopathy display a particularly strong Th1-type immune response with increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (19, 20, 22, 23) and decreased IFNγ -modulating factors IL-10, IL-27b/Ebi3, and Treg cells (17–20). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is Chagas cardiomyopathy.