TNF and Stroke: Similarly, in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia were activated first and invaded the peri-infarct and infarct core to orchestrate the post-stroke neuroinflammatory response and communicated with astrocytes through soluble and membrane-bound signaling molecules (82–84), including the cytokines IL-1β, TNF, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (82, 83, 85).