TNF and Stroke: Although inflammation signals between microglia and astrocytes may share the common inflammatory signals, such as IL- 1 and TNF-α, different pathogens and pathological conditions may correspond to different inflammatory signals (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are significantly elevated in stroke, while TNF-α, IL-1a, and C1a induced by LPS can trigger markedly reactive astrocytes), and different strategies may be required.