ODSH is a robust inhibitor of NE activity in vitro with a low IC50 (Griffin et al., 2014; Kummarapurugu et al., 2018), but in CF sputum, both ODSH and heparin inhibition of NE activity requires DNA depolymerization by DNase-1 (Kummarapurugu et al., 2018). Here, ELANE is linked to cystic fibrosis.