Statistically significant positive associations with breast cancer risk were found for IL-1β (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) in a Swedish nested case-control study of postmenopausal women (highest category versus none: HR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.79) [29], and for leukocyte count in a population-based cohort in Denmark (highest versus lowest tertile: RR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.58) [26]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and breast carcinoma.