This same study found a statistically significant negative association between leptin, which is shown to be involved in pro-inflammatory activities, such as the protection of T lymphocytes from apoptosis and the modulation of T cell proliferation [45], and breast cancer risk for premenopausal women (highest versus lowest tertile: RR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.89), but not for postmenopausal women (RR 1.74, 95% CI: 0.83, 3.63) [25]. This evidence concerns the gene LEP and breast carcinoma.