LUM and aortic stenosis: Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1, extracellular superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn), immunoglobulin gamma-1 chain C region, fibrinogens, and lumican have also been shown to be altered in AS in a study using proteins extracted from thickened and calcified areas and non-diseased areas from the same valve leaflet [75].