Endotoxemia in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) patients likely activate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) receptor by stimulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that mediates the production of proinflammatory cytokines [76]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity.