The host response of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to an HEV3–Kernow infection revealed the intrinsic expression of the pattern recognition receptors RIG-I, MDA-5, and TLR3, as well as downstream signaling molecules, including Myd88 and MAVS, showing that this model can trigger an innate immune signaling cascade [58]. Here, TLR3 is linked to infection.