For this reason, we co-transfected the SH-SY5Y cells with either TDPwt, dNLS, dNLSd343 or KO2only with selected wild-type (wt) or mutant (mut) ALS-linked gene tagged with 3xHA: hnRNPA1, MATR3, VCP or UBQLN2. These genes were selected based on their diverse roles in RNA processing and quality control of protein metabolism. Here, VCP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.