MAPK1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Not only are there LGMD subtypes with low p38 activity, several studies have demonstrated heightened p38 phosphorylation in mouse and cell models for LGMD R2 (LGMD2B), LGMD R5 (LGMD2C), and LGMD R6 (LGMD2F), as well as facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and DMD [143, 144, 147].