This set was derived from all CIS genes (EGFRvIII-PB cohort) and from recurrent significantly mutated genes (EGFRvIII-only cohort); given loss-of-function (LOF) of several proteins identified directly lead to Akt activation (e.g., Pten, Ptpro, Pik3r1) [85–87], and Ras/Erk/Mek activation (e.g., Pdgfra, Nf1, Spred1) [88–90], these linked downstream oncoproteins were included as targets. This evidence concerns the gene SPRED1 and in situ carcinoma.