VDR and systemic lupus erythematosus: Thus, the TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI polymorphisms of VDR gene are the most widely reported as being closely linked with a high risk of autoimmune diseases including PBC [31], multiple sclerosis (BsmI AA) [32], Type 1 diabetes (TaqI T [33] or BsmI AA [34]), and systemic lupus erythematosus (BsmI AA) [35,36].